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巴菲特经典演讲:格雷厄姆—多德都市里的超级投资者

2011-5-12 08:02| 发布者: admin| 查看: 1455| 评论: 0|原作者: 摘|来自: 本杰明·格雷厄姆

<DIV id=content> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">巴菲特最著名的演讲——价值投资为什么能够持续战胜市场 <SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">特别报道--刘建位 <FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">编译 <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">每个价值投资人的投资业绩都来自于利用企业股票市场价格与其内在价值之间的差异 <FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">——巴菲特 <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">价值投资策略最终要归根于本杰明·格雷厄姆( <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Benjamin Graham</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)的思想。 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1934</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年年底,他与戴维·多德( <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">David Dodd</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)合作完成了他酝酿已久的《证券分析》( <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Security Analysis</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。这部划时代的著作标志着证券分析业和价值投资思想的诞生。这本巨著在过去 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">70</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年间共发行了五版,被誉为投资者的“圣经”。 <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">纽约证券分析协会强调,格雷厄姆“对于投资的意义就像欧几里得对于几何学、达尔文对于生物进化论一样重要 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。格雷厄姆“给这座令人惊叹而为之却步的城市——股票市场绘制了第一张可以依赖的地图,他为价值投资奠定了方法论的基础,而在此之前,股票投资与赌博几乎毫无差别。价值投资没有格雷厄姆,就如同共产主义没有马克思——原则性将不复存在。”人们通常认为是格雷厄姆确立了证券分析的原则,所以格雷厄姆被尊称为 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">现代证券分析之父 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">"</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。 <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1984</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年,在哥伦比亚大学纪念格雷厄姆与多德合著的《证券分析》出版 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">50</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">周年的庆祝活动中,巴菲特——这位格雷厄姆在哥伦比亚大学的投资课上唯一给了“ <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">+”的最优秀的学生进行了一次演讲,他在演讲中回顾了 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">50</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年来格雷厄姆的追随者们采用价值投资策略持续战胜市场的无可争议的事实,总结归纳出价值投资策略的精髓,在投资界具有非常大的影响力 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">...<o:p></o:p></FONT> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">编者:“格雷厄姆—多德都市的超级投资者们”作为巴菲特最著名的演讲名留青史,广为流传。巴菲特在中国十周年纪念八,从英文原版入手,尽可能罗列相关资料推出此次中英文对照的饕餮盛宴。敬请各位入席。 <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">格雷厄姆 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">-</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">多德都市的超级投资者们 <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">THE SUPERINVESTORS OF GRAHAM-AND-DODDSVILLE<o:p></o:p></FONT> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">-巴菲特 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1984</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年在哥伦比亚大学的著名演讲 <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">1984年在庆祝格雷罕姆与多德合著的《证券分析》发行50周年大会上,巴菲特-这位格雷厄姆在哥伦比亚大学的投资课上唯一给了“ <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">+”的最优秀的学生进行了一次题为“格雷厄姆 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">-</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">多德都市的超级投资者们” <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> (The Superinvestors of Graham-and-Doddsville)</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”的演讲,在他演讲中回顾了 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">50</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年来格雷厄姆的追随者们采用价值投资策略持续战胜市场的无可争议的事实,总结归纳出价值投资策略的精髓,在投资界具有非常大的影响力。 <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">格雷厄姆与多德追求“价值远超过价格的安全保障”,这种证券分析方法是否已经过时 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">?</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">目前许多撰写教科书的教授认为如此。他们认为,股票市场是有效率的市场;换言之,股票价格已经充分反应了公司一切己知的事实以及整体经济情况:这些理论家认为,市场上没有价格偏低的股票,因为聪明的证券分析师将运用全部的既有资讯,以确保适当的价格。投资者能经年累月地击败市场,纯粹是运气使然。“如果价格完全反应既有的资讯,则这类的投资技巧将不存在。”一位现今教科书的作者如此与写道。 <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">或许如此!但是,我要提供一组投资者的绩效供各位参考,他们长期的表现总是超越史坦普 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">500</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">种股价指数。他们的绩效即使纯属巧合,这项假说至少也值得我们加以审查。审查的关键事实是,我早就熟识这些赢家,而且长年以来便视他们为超级投资者,最近的认知也有十五年之久。缺少这项条件——换言之,如果我最近才从成千上万的记录中挑选几个名字,并且在今天早上提供给各位——我建议各位立即停止阅读本文。我必须说明,所有的这些记录都经过稽核。我必须再说明,我认识许多上述经理人的客户,他们长年以来所收取的支票确实符合既有的记录。 <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在进行审查之前,我要各位设想—场全国性的掷铜板大赛。让我们假定,全美国 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">25</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">亿的人口在明天早晨起床时都掷出一枚一美元的铜板。早晨太阳升起时,他们都走到门外掷铜板,并猜铜板出现的正面或反面。如果猜对了,他们将从猜错者的手中赢得一美元。每大都有输家遭到淘汰,奖金则不断地累积。经过十个早晨的十次投掷之后,全美国约有 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">万人连续十次猜对掷铜板的结果。每人所赢得的资金约超过 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1000</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">美元。 <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">现在,这群人可能会开始炫耀自己的战绩,此乃人的天性使然。他们可能保持谦虚的态度,但在鸡尾酒宴会中,他们偶尔会以此技巧吸引异性的注意,并炫耀其投掷铜板的奇异洞察力。 <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">假定赢家都可以从输家手中得到适当的奖金,再经过十天,约有 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">215</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个人连续二十次猜对掷铜板的结果,每个人并赢得大约 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">100</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">万美元的奖金。输家总共付出 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">25</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">亿美元,赢家则得到 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">25</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">亿美元。 <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这时候,这群人可能完全沉迷在自己的成就中:他们可能开始著书立说:“我如何每天早晨工作 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">30</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">秒,而在二十天之内将—美元变成 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">100</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">万美元。”更糟的是,他们会在全国各地参加讲习会,宣扬如何有效地投掷铜板,并且反驳持怀疑态度的教授说,“如果这是不可能的事,为什么会有我们这 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">215</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个人呢 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">?</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">” <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">但是,某商学院的教授可能会粗鲁地提出—项事实,如果 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">25</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">亿只猩猩参加这场大赛,结果大致上也是如此——有 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">215</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">只自大的猩猩将连续赢得 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">次的投掷。 <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">然而,我必须说明,前述事例和我即将提出的案例,两者之间存在着若干重大差异。旨先,如果 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(a)</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">你所选择的 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">. <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">25</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">亿只猩猩的分布状况大致上和美国的人口分布相同;如果 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(b)</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">经过 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">天的竞赛,只剩下 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">215</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">只赢家;如果 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(c)</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">你发现其中有 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">40</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">只猩猩来自于奥玛哈的某个动物园,则其中必有蹊跷。于是,你会询问猩猩管理员各种问题,它们吃什么饲料、是否做特殊的运动、阅读什么书籍……换言之,如果你发现成功案例有非比寻常的集中现象,则你希望判定此异常的特色是否是成功的原因。 <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">科学的调查也遵循此一形态。如果你试图分析某种罕见的癌症原因——例如,美国每年只有 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1500</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个病例——而你发现蒙大拿州的某个矿区小镇便产生 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">400</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个病例,则你必然对当地的饮水、病患的职业或其他种种变数产生兴趣。你知道,在—个小镇中发生 <SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">400</FONT> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个病例,绝不是随机因素所造成。虽然你未必了解病因,但你知道从哪里着手调查。 <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">除了地理国家,还有其他方式可以界定起源。除了地理的起源,还有我所谓“智力的起源”。我认为各位将在投资领域发现,不成比例的铜板投掷赢家来自于一个极小的智力村庄.它可以称为“格雷厄姆一多德都市”。这个特殊智力村存在着许多赢家.这种集中现象绝非巧合所能够解释。 <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p> </DIV>

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